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Error can creep in from all of the above. Questionnaire design – questions can be phrased ambiguously, with multiple interpretations; respondents can misunderstand questions and misreport accidentally, or can choose to misreport; enumerators can hear responses incorrectly, or choose to enter something differently to make their life easier; and as we saw in the famous cell reference error in the Reinhart and Rogoff paper, it can come from the analysts.
Before data collection, we should pilot and train enumerators.
During data collection, we should conduct backchecks, audio audits, and high frequency checks, and retrain enumerators if necessary.
If we find errors after data collection, we should conduct a sensitivity analysis-determine how much our results change if we remove the problematic indicator, or if we place reasonable bounds for errors.
1. Errors in data can come from (select all that apply)
2. Which of the following should you typically do BEFORE data collection to minimize the likelihood or consequences of errors? (select all that apply)
3. Which of the following do you typically do DURING data collection to minimize the likelihood or consequences of errors? (select all that apply)
4. Which of the following do you typically do AFTER data collection to minimize the likelihood or consequences of errors? (select all that apply)
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